Truth-In-Sentencing Laws Deter Crime Case Assignment

Truth-In-Sentencing Laws Deter Crime Case Assignment

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Truth-In-Sentencing Laws Deter Crime Case Assignment

• Truth-in-sentencing laws deter crime.
• Truth-in-sentencing laws do not deter crime.

Write a 350- to 700-word opening argument for each position, for a total of two arguments.

 

Include scholarly references supporting your arguments.

Share opening arguments with the other group.

Write a 350- to 700-word rebuttal to the other group’s opening argument, for a total of two rebuttals.

Include a closing statement.

Include scholarly references supporting the rebuttal and closing statement.

Consider the following topics when drafting debate arguments and rebuttals:

Good-time and work-time credits

Requirements for length of time served

Effect on crime deterrence and recidivism

Differences between federal and state laws

Effects if parole is eliminated

Effects on prison population

 

Format your debate paper consistent with APA guidelines.

 

CJA/204 CJA204 CJA 204 Week 4 Learning Team Assignment Truth-in-Sentencing Debate

 

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07 May 2014 Page 8 of 17 ProQuest

criteria including the quantification of environmental costs, and environmental protection activities (dimension 1), the satisfaction of consumer needs (dimension 2), the evaluation of the impact on the environment as a result of the activities of the company, consumption and efficiency in the use of resources, and wastes generated (dimension 3) and risk assessment (dimension 4). James (1994) also proposed some form of standardised measure of waste generation that allows its comparison (e.g. the amount of waste generated divided by a specific indicator of the firm’s activity, such as production, sales or added value) and an aggregated index, based on financial aggregation criteria or via a qualitative weighting. These criteria are not incompatible, but, rather, the more categories of environmental performance measures a company is using, the better will be the assessment of its environmental performance. From the point of view of sustainability, an organisation’s environmental performance would be established by taking into account the sustainability of the relations between the firm and the natural environment. Various definitions of the concept can be used to obtain a set of standardised principles that allow the assessment of the organisation’s progress towards sustainability. For example, the so-called Natural Step introduces a set of general principles for sustainability that have implications for evaluating a firm’s environmental performance (Bradbury and Clair, 1999). Improving environmental performance in the company requires a systematic decrease in its economical dependence on (Nattras and Altomare, 1999): * underground metals, fuels, and other minerals; * persistent unnatural substances; * activities which encroach on productive parts of nature (e.g. long road transports); * using a large amount of resources in relation to added human value. Although the Natural Step approximation provides a useful reference guide to the search for sustainability indicators, it does not specifically define them. In sum, the indicators we have mentioned have several limitations: * each one of the proposed measures only reflects partial aspects of the firm’s environmental performance, but there is no global single index summarising these indicators that has been generally accepted (Lober, 1996); * there may be a time lapse between these indicators of environmental performance and real environmental performance itself (Welford, 1995); * other areas apart from operations, such us R&D, legal or public relations may be involved in the value of these indicators. For example, R&D may stimulate product and process environmental initiatives; the legal department has a strong influence on the total amount paid in environmental fines; and public relations influence interaction with stakeholders and their opinion. However, and in spite of their limitations, these environmental performance indicators provide a close idea of how the operations function contributes towards the environmental strategy of a company. Conclusions We have reviewed the firm’s environmental problem and its interrelation with the operations function. Developing environmentally sustainable strategies requires the defining of a new operations objective (environmental performance), which measures to what extent the firm contributes towards maintaining or improving the natural environment. Likewise, we have analysed this objective’s characteristics, along with the various dimensions it includes. Differentiating between environmental performance and all those techniques, tools or capabilities that are related to environmental protection means that the literature on environment and operations management can be integrated so as to evaluate this function’s contribution to environmental sustainability. The environmental performance objective is not incompatible with other operations objectives; on the contrary, they can even reinforce each other. Thus, the firm’s environmental capabilities are the result of a complex interaction between environmental protection practices, the human resource system, and other operations

07 May 2014 Page 9 of 17 ProQuest

capabilities such as continuous improvement and innovation. Just as with the other operations objectives, the different dimensions of a firm’s environmental performance should be measured to produce a table in which corporate contribution to sustainability can be evaluated. Given that many of the environmental capabilities are derived from the operations area, it is this area that is principally responsible for attainment. In sum, the five operations objectives proposed in this article are: cost, quality, time, service and environmental performance. These five objectives allow a complete assessment of operations’ contribution to the general strategy and, therefore, of operations performance. Defining an environmental performance objective should not hide the fact that sustainable development is a much wider concept. Firstly, sustainable strategies require profound structural changes in business organisations and new ethical systems to guide corporate decision-making (Shrivastava, 1995b). Identifying environmental performance improvement with a sustainability strategy may help to disguise corporate responsibility. Roome (1997, p. 46) noted: “improving environmental performance in business organizations, using notions of ecoefficiency, total quality or product and risk analysis endorses the anthropocentric, utilitarian ethical system implicit in much of orthodox business practices”. Secondly, the changes should be brought about as part of a general re-organisation of the economic system. Individual organisations cannot become sustainable: individual organisations simply contribute to the large system in which sustainability may or may not be achieved Jennings and Zandbergen, 1995). However, the move towards environmental sustainability can create opportunities for firms that adequately integrate environmental questions into their strategy. In this context, establishing a strategic environmental performance priority in the operations area implies the firm’s recognition of the need to go down the path of sustainability and of the opportunity for firms which spearhead this process to differentiate themselves from the competition (Maslennikova and Foley, 2000). Additionally, considering environmental performance as a new objective of operations management introduces several research issues that should be analysed in future studies. First, the analysis of the fit-model between firm’s strategy and operations strategy taking into account the environmental dimension may provide valuable knowledge. It could be interesting to analyse the differences existing between the firms that define these objectives and those that do not, or that do so implicitly, in terms of external environment, organisational resources and performance, and other contingencies. Second, it is worthwhile analysing the relationships this operations objective and each of its dimensions, have with the remaining objectives in the area; along with the possible existence of a logical sequence to permanently improve said objectives in the long term. It would seem logical to include the environment objective in the first phases of product design, together with quality specifications. We can take this argument to be empirically supported if we differentiate between pollution control and pollution prevention (Hart, 1995; Russo and Fouts, 1997). The former assumes that environmental goals are incorporated after taking other objectives into account. Pollution prevention implies including environmental issues at the beginning of the planning process. Thus, Klassen and Whybark (1999b) found that pollution prevention has a positive statistically significant relationship with the operations objectives of cost, speed and flexibility. However, pollution control has a significant negative effect on cost, speed and flexibility objectives. These findings lead us to believe that environmental performance can positively influence the results of the other operations objectives as long as it is placed as a first objective together with quality (Ferdows and de Meyer, 1990) Third, more research is needed to clarify how environmentally related capabilities require certain complementary assets or capabilities for their development (Christmann, 2000), and even how they establish a network of capabilities, which influence environmental and economic performance. Finally, there is a need to study the repercussions the notion of sustainability has on the operations function in greater depth. This article has reviewed one of the elements (environmental performance), but an analysis is

07 May 2014 Page 10 of 17 ProQuest

needed of the effect that introducing social questions, such as equity, balance and social justice, has on the corporate operations evaluation system itself. Footnote Notes Footnote 1 Cost refers to the sum of all discounted costs to the firm involved in developing, producing, delivering servicing, and disposing of the product. Time refers to all lead-time related factors such as variability of lead- time, time to market for new products and so on. Quality refers to all physical aspects of the process and product or service delivered. Additionally, service objective includes the availability and accuracy of data regarding manufacturing performance or process parameters to support other activities, such as sales, R&D, or marketing. Footnote 2 The first of them, pollution prevention, consists of reducing, changing or eliminating pollution output through improved storage, substituting materials, recycling or process innovation. The second, product stewardship, requires the integration of the environmental demands of external stakeholders into product design and development, considering the product throughout all the various phases in its life cycle (from cradle to grave). The last one, sustainable development, aims to reduce the negative effects of the company– environment relationship on a global level. References References References Angell, L.C. (1993), “Environmental management as a competitive priority”, Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Decisions Sciences Institute, Washington, DC, pp. 1648-50. Angell, L.C. and Klassen, R.D. (1999), “Integrating environmental issues into the mainstream: an agenda for research in operations management”, Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 17 No. 5, pp. 575-98. Azzone, G. and Bertele, U. (1994), “Exploiting green strategies for competitive advantage”, Long Range Planning, Vol. 27 No. 6, pp. 69-81. Azzone, G. and Noci, G. (1998), “Identifying effective PMSs for the deployment of ‘green’ manufacturing strategies”, International Journal of Operations &Production Management, Vol. 18 No. 4, pp. 308-35. Bansal, P. and Howard, E. (1997), Business and the Natural Environment, Butterworth– Heineman, Oxford. References Bansal, P. and Roth, K. (2000), “Why companies go green: a model of ecological responsiveness”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 43 No. 4, pp. 717-36. Bradbury, H. and Clair, J.A. (1999), “Promoting sustainable organizations with Sweden’s natural step”, Academy of Management Executive, Vol. 13 No. 4, pp. 63-74. Brenan, L., Gupta, M.C. and Taleb, K.N. (1994), “Operations planning issues in an assembly/ disassembly environment”, International Journal of Operations &Production Management, Vol. 14 No. 9, pp. 57-67. Carter, C.R., Ellram, L.M. and Ready, KJ. (1998), “Environmental purchasing: benchmarking our German counterparts”, International Journal of Purchasing and Materials Management, Vol. 34 No. 4, pp. 28-38. Chase, R.B., Kumar, K.R. and Youngdahl, W.E. (1992), “Service based manufacturing: the service factory”, Production and operations management, Vol. 1 No. 2, pp. 175-84. References Christmann, P. (2000), “Effects of `best practices’ of environmental management on cost advantage: the role of complementary assets”, Academy of Management journal, Vol. 43 No. 4, pp. 663-80. Coddington, W. (1993), Environmental Marketing.’ Positive Strategies for Reaching the Green Consumer, McGraw Hill, New York, NY.

Truth-In-Sentencing Laws Deter Crime Case Assignment

RUBRIC QUALITY OF RESPONSE NO RESPONSE POOR / UNSATISFACTORY SATISFACTORY GOOD EXCELLENT Content (worth a maximum of 50% of the total points) Zero points:  Student failed to submit the final paper. 20 points out of 50:  The essay illustrates poor understanding of the relevant material by failing to address or incorrectly addressing the relevant content; failing to identify or inaccurately explaining/defining key concepts/ideas; ignoring or incorrectly explaining key points/claims and the reasoning behind them; and/or incorrectly or inappropriately using terminology; and elements of the response are lacking. 30 points out of 50:  The essay illustrates a rudimentary understanding of the relevant material by mentioning but not full explaining the relevant content; identifying some of the key concepts/ideas though failing to fully or accurately explain many of them; using terminology, though sometimes inaccurately or inappropriately; and/or incorporating some key claims/points but failing to explain the reasoning behind them or doing so inaccurately.  Elements of the required response may also be lacking. 40 points out of 50:  The essay illustrates solid understanding of the relevant material by correctly addressing most of the relevant content; identifying and explaining most of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology; explaining the reasoning behind most of the key points/claims; and/or where necessary or useful, substantiating some points with accurate examples.  The answer is complete. 50 points:  The essay illustrates exemplary understanding of the relevant material by thoroughly and correctly addressing the relevant content; identifying and explaining all of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology explaining the reasoning behind key points/claims and substantiating, as necessary/useful, points with several accurate and illuminating examples.  No aspects of the required answer are missing. Use of Sources (worth a maximum of 20% of the total points). Zero points:  Student failed to include citations and/or references. Or the student failed to submit a final paper. 5 out 20 points:  Sources are seldom cited to support statements and/or format of citations are not recognizable as APA 6th Edition format. There are major errors in the formation of the references and citations. And/or there is a major reliance on highly questionable. The Student fails to provide an adequate synthesis of research collected for the paper. 10 out 20 points:  References to scholarly sources are occasionally given; many statements seem unsubstantiated.  Frequent errors in APA 6th Edition format, leaving the reader confused about the source of the information. There are significant errors of the formation in the references and citations. And/or there is a significant use of highly questionable sources. 15 out 20 points:  Credible Scholarly sources are used effectively support claims and are, for the most part, clear and fairly represented.  APA 6th Edition is used with only a few minor errors.  There are minor errors in reference and/or citations. And/or there is some use of questionable sources. 20 points:  Credible scholarly sources are used to give compelling evidence to support claims and are clearly and fairly represented.  APA 6th Edition format is used accurately and consistently. The student uses above the maximum required references in the development of the assignment. Grammar (worth maximum of 20% of total points) Zero points:  Student failed to submit the final paper. 5 points out of 20:  The paper does not communicate ideas/points clearly due to inappropriate use of terminology and vague language; thoughts and sentences are disjointed or incomprehensible; organization lacking; and/or numerous grammatical, spelling/punctuation errors  10 points out 20:  The paper is often unclear and difficult to follow due to some inappropriate terminology and/or vague language; ideas may be fragmented, wandering and/or repetitive; poor organization; and/or some grammatical, spelling, punctuation errors 15 points out of 20:  The paper is mostly clear as a result of appropriate use of terminology and minimal vagueness; no tangents and no repetition; fairly good organization; almost perfect grammar, spelling, punctuation, and word usage. 20 points:  The paper is clear, concise, and a pleasure to read as a result of appropriate and precise use of terminology; total coherence of thoughts and presentation and logical organization; and the essay is error free. Structure of the Paper (worth 10% of total points) Zero points:  Student failed to submit the final paper. 3 points out of 10: Student needs to develop better formatting skills. The paper omits significant structural elements required for and APA 6th edition paper. Formatting of the paper has major flaws. The paper does not conform to APA 6th edition requirements whatsoever. 5 points out of 10: Appearance of final paper demonstrates the student’s limited ability to format the paper. There are significant errors in formatting and/or the total omission of major components of an APA 6th edition paper. They can include the omission of the cover page, abstract, and page numbers. Additionally the page has major formatting issues with spacing or paragraph formation. Font size might not conform to size requirements.  The student also significantly writes too large or too short of and paper 7 points out of 10: Research paper presents an above-average use of formatting skills. The paper has slight errors within the paper. This can include small errors or omissions with the cover page, abstract, page number, and headers. There could be also slight formatting issues with the document spacing or the font Additionally the paper might slightly exceed or undershoot the specific number of required written pages for the assignment. 10 points: Student provides a high-caliber, formatted paper. This includes an APA 6th edition cover page, abstract, page number, headers and is double spaced in 12’ Times Roman Font. Additionally, the paper conforms to the specific number of required written pages and neither goes over or under the specified length of the paper.
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